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10.1161/ATVBAHA.114.303763 165

[DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 17.Imai K., Yamamoto H

One of the primary reasons patients may require Vitamin B12 injections is pernicious anemiaa condition where the body cannot absorb enough B12 through the digestive tract

Endogenous (e.g., inflammation) and exogenous (e.g., diet components, toxicants, or drugs) factors can increase intestinal permeability and cause the formation of a so-called leaky gut. The latter is characterized by the penetration of food antigens, commensals, or pathogenic bacteria into the blood, causing the development of inflammation (Vanuytsel et al., 2021)

37 Moreover, GLUL activation facilitates the utilization of ammonia-bound nitrogen to produce glutamine as a precursor for nucleotide biosynthesis, thereby modulating nitrogen metabolism