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How GLP-1 Injections Are Used Learn how GLP-1 injections are used, what to expect, and how licensed providers may include them in metabolic treatment plans

2019 Sep;37(15):3976-3986

Abbreviations GLP-1: Glucagon-like peptide-1 DPP-4: Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 NEPs: Neutral endopeptidases GLP-1RAs: GLP-1 receptor agonists GLP-1 Rs: GLP-1 receptors T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus DR: Diabetic retinopathy anti-VEGF: Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor AMD: Age-related macular degeneration GA: Geographic atrophy CVOTs: Cardiovascular outcome trials BRB: Blood-retinal barrier cAMP: Cyclic adenosine monophosphate BBB: Blood-brain barrier AD: Alzheimers disease CVOs: Circumventricular organs RPE: Retinal pigment epithelial GPCRs: G protein-coupled receptors GCL: Ganglion cell layer GK: Goto-Kakizaki E4: Exendin-4 ONL: Outer nuclear layer TXNIP: Thioredoxin-interacting protein INL: Inner nuclear layer NFL: Nerve fiber layer STZ: Streptozotocin GLAST: Glutamate-aspartate transporter nAMD: Neovascular age-related macular degeneration PLGF: Placental growth factor ICAM-1: Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 FFAs: Free fatty acids LDs: Lipid droplets EMT: Epithelial-mesenchymal transition AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase ROS: Reactive oxygen species MMP: Mitochondrial membrane potential DAM: Disease-associated microglial HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin CNS: Central nervous system RGC: Retinal ganglion cell POAG: Primary open-angle glaucoma IOP: Intraocular pressure RCTs: Randomized controlled trials BMI: Body mass index NAION: Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy DED: Dry Eye Disease DDES: Diabetic dry eye syndrome References Drucker DJ